3D Molecule Viewer

H₂O

Water

Water is a polar molecule with two O-H bonds and a bent geometry.

NH₃

Ammonia

Ammonia is a trigonal pyramidal molecule with a lone pair on nitrogen, which makes it a weak base and good ligand.

CO₂

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a linear molecule with two C=O bonds.

H₂O₂

Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide contains an O-O single bond that can break to form reactive oxygen species.

SO₂

Sulfur Dioxide

Sulfur dioxide is a bent, polar gas formed mainly by sulfur combustion.

NO₂

Nitrogen Dioxide

Nitrogen dioxide is a brown, reactive radical gas and a key atmospheric pollutant.

HCl

Hydrochloric Acid

Hydrogen chloride forms hydrochloric acid when dissolved in water, where it behaves as a strong acid.

H₂SO₄

Sulfuric Acid

Sulfuric acid is a strong diprotic acid and one of the most produced industrial chemicals.

HNO₃

Nitric Acid

Nitric acid is a strong acid and strong oxidizer used in nitration chemistry.

CH₄

Methane

Methane is the simplest alkane with tetrahedral geometry around carbon.

C₂H₆

Ethane

Ethane is a two-carbon alkane with free rotation about the C-C bond.

C₃H₈

Propane

Propane is a three-carbon alkane that is easily liquefied under pressure.

C₄H₁₀

Butane

Butane is a four-carbon alkane with structural isomers (n-butane and isobutane).

C₂H₄

Ethylene

Ethylene is the simplest alkene and has a planar C=C double bond.

C₂H₂

Acetylene

Acetylene is a linear alkyne with a high-energy C≡C triple bond.

C₆H₆

Benzene

Benzene is an aromatic ring with delocalized pi electrons, giving unusual stability.

C₇H₈

Toluene

Toluene is methyl-substituted benzene and is less toxic than benzene in many applications.

C₁₀H₈

Naphthalene

Naphthalene consists of two fused aromatic rings and is the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.

C₆H₁₂

Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane is a cyclic alkane that adopts chair and boat conformations, with the chair form most stable.

CH₃OH

Methanol

Methanol is the simplest alcohol and is fully miscible with water.

C₂H₅OH

Ethanol

Ethanol is a two-carbon alcohol that forms hydrogen bonds and mixes well with water.

CH₃COOH

Acetic Acid

Acetic acid is a weak carboxylic acid and the acid component of vinegar.

HCHO

Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde and a highly reactive carbonyl compound.

CH₃COCH₃

Acetone

Acetone is the simplest ketone and a fast-evaporating polar aprotic solvent.

C₄H₁₀O

Diethyl Ether

Diethyl ether is a volatile ether with low boiling point and high flammability.

C₂H₇N

Ethylamine

Ethylamine is a primary amine with basic and nucleophilic behavior from the nitrogen lone pair.

C₂H₅NO

Acetamide

Acetamide is a simple amide that illustrates resonance between the carbonyl and nitrogen lone pair.

C₆H₁₂O₆

Glucose

Glucose is an aldohexose sugar and a primary cellular fuel.

C₆H₁₂O₆

Fructose

Fructose is a ketohexose isomer of glucose and one of the sweetest natural sugars.

C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

Sucrose

Sucrose is a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose linked by a glycosidic bond.

CO(NH₂)₂

Urea

Urea is a small organic molecule that carries nitrogen waste in many animals.

C₂₇H₄₆O

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a sterol that modulates membrane fluidity and serves as a precursor to steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D.

C₉H₈O₄

Aspirin

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) irreversibly acetylates cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin and thromboxane formation.

C₈H₉NO₂

Acetaminophen

Acetaminophen is an analgesic and antipyretic commonly used when anti-inflammatory action is not required.

C₁₃H₁₈O₂

Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that reversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes.

C₈H₁₀N₄O₂

Caffeine

Caffeine is a methylxanthine stimulant that blocks adenosine receptors in the central nervous system.

C₆H₆N₂O

Nicotinamide

Nicotinamide (niacinamide) is the amide form of vitamin B3 and a precursor to NAD+/NADP+ cofactors.

C₆H₈O₆

Ascorbic Acid

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a water-soluble reducing agent and antioxidant.

C₁₆H₁₈N₂O₄S

Penicillin G

Penicillin G is a beta-lactam antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall cross-linking enzymes.

C₂H₆O₂

Ethylene Glycol

Ethylene glycol is a diol with two hydroxyl groups and high affinity for water.

C₈H₈

Styrene

Styrene is a vinyl aromatic monomer that polymerizes to polystyrene and copolymers such as ABS and SBR components.

C₂H₃Cl

Vinyl Chloride

Vinyl chloride is a chlorinated alkene used mainly to produce PVC.

C₃H₅NO

Acrylamide

Acrylamide is an amide monomer used to make polyacrylamide gels and flocculants.

C₆H₁₁NO

Caprolactam

Caprolactam is a cyclic amide used to produce nylon-6 by ring-opening polymerization.

LiCl

Lithium chloride

Lithium chloride is a salt of Li⁺ and Cl⁻.

Na₂O

Sodium oxide

Sodium oxide is a basic oxide of two Na⁺ ions and one O²⁻ ion.

NaCl

Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride is the salt of Na⁺ and Cl⁻.

MgF₂

Magnesium fluoride

Magnesium fluoride is a salt of Mg²⁺ and two F⁻ ions.

AlCl₃

Aluminum chloride

Anhydrous aluminum chloride does not form an ionic lattice like NaCl.

CaO

Calcium oxide

Calcium oxide is also called quicklime.

CaC₂

Calcium carbide

Calcium carbide contains Ca²⁺ and the C₂²⁻ carbide ion.

KNO₃

Potassium nitrate

Potassium nitrate is the salt of K⁺ and NO₃⁻.

Mg₃(PO₄)₂

Magnesium phosphate

In magnesium phosphate, Mg²⁺ and PO₄³⁻ balance when magnesium has subscript 3 and phosphate has subscript 2.

Al₂(SO₄)₃

Aluminum sulfate

Aluminum sulfate pairs two Al³⁺ ions with three SO₄²⁻ ions, so sulfate is written in parentheses.

Mg(OH)₂

Magnesium hydroxide

Magnesium hydroxide contains Mg²⁺ and two OH⁻ ions, so hydroxide is in parentheses.

NH₄Cl

Ammonium chloride

Ammonium chloride is the salt of NH₄⁺ and Cl⁻.

NH₄OH

Ammonium hydroxide

Ammonium hydroxide is the formula used for aqueous ammonia.

CuO

Copper(II) oxide

Copper(II) oxide is a black solid.

Cu₂O

Copper(I) oxide

Copper(I) oxide is a red solid and forms the cuprite crystal.

FeSO₄

Iron(II) sulfate

Iron(II) sulfate pairs Fe²⁺ with SO₄²⁻, so both subscripts are 1.

Fe₂(SO₄)₃

Iron(III) sulfate

In iron(III) sulfate, Fe³⁺ and SO₄²⁻ balance with two iron ions and three sulfate ions.

PbCO₃

Lead(II) carbonate

Lead(II) carbonate is the salt of Pb²⁺ and CO₃²⁻.

MgO

Magnesium oxide

Magnesium oxide is a high-melting solid of Mg²⁺ and O²⁻.

Al₂S₃

Aluminum sulfide

Aluminum sulfide is two Al³⁺ ions and three S²⁻ ions.

LiF

Lithium fluoride

Lithium fluoride is the salt of Li⁺ and F⁻.

(NH₄)₂S

Ammonium sulfide

Ammonium sulfide pairs two NH₄⁺ ions with one S²⁻ ion, so ammonium is in parentheses.

KF

Potassium fluoride

Potassium fluoride is the salt of K⁺ and F⁻.

NiCl₂

Nickel(II) chloride

Nickel chloride is Ni²⁺ with two Cl⁻ ions.

KCN

Potassium cyanide

Potassium cyanide is the salt of K⁺ and CN⁻.

CH₃COONa

Sodium acetate

Sodium acetate is the salt of Na⁺ and the acetate ion, CH₃COO⁻.

CaCO₃

Calcium carbonate

Calcium carbonate is the salt of Ca²⁺ and CO₃²⁻.

Na₃P

Sodium phosphide

Sodium phosphide is three Na⁺ ions and one P³⁻ ion.

BeBr₂

Beryllium bromide

Beryllium bromide is a covalent compound of beryllium and two bromines.

FeO

Iron(II) oxide

Iron(II) oxide is the solid of Fe²⁺ and O²⁻.

Hg₂Cl₂

Mercury(I) chloride

Mercury(I) chloride is called calomel.

Hg(NO₃)₂

Mercury(II) nitrate

Mercury(II) nitrate is Hg²⁺ with two nitrate ions, so nitrate is in parentheses.

CH₃COOCu

Copper(I) acetate

Copper(I) acetate is the salt of Cu⁺ and one acetate ion.

SiO₂

Silicon dioxide

Silicon dioxide is the base of sand, quartz, and glass.

P₄O₁₀

Tetraphosphorus decaoxide

Tetraphosphorus decaoxide is the combustion product of phosphorus.

N₂O₅

Dinitrogen pentoxide

Dinitrogen pentoxide contains two nitrogen atoms and five oxygen atoms.

CO

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is a linear molecule with one carbon and one oxygen.

HF

Hydrogen fluoride

Hydrogen fluoride has a polar covalent bond between hydrogen and fluorine.

PCl₅

Phosphorus pentachloride

Phosphorus pentachloride has one phosphorus and five chlorine atoms.

CF₄

Carbon tetrafluoride

Carbon tetrafluoride is a tetrahedral molecule of carbon and four fluorine atoms.

SF₆

Sulfur hexafluoride

Sulfur hexafluoride is an octahedral molecule with sulfur surrounded by six fluorines.

NBr₃

Nitrogen tribromide

Nitrogen tribromide has one nitrogen and three bromine atoms.

N₂O

Dinitrogen monoxide

Dinitrogen monoxide is also called laughing gas.

N₂O₃

Dinitrogen trioxide

Dinitrogen trioxide is a blue oxide with two nitrogen atoms and three oxygen atoms.

CS₂

Carbon disulfide

Carbon disulfide is a linear molecule of carbon and two sulfur atoms.

Cl₂O₇

Dichlorine heptoxide

Dichlorine heptoxide is an oily oxide with two chlorine atoms and seven oxygen atoms.

BF₃

Boron trifluoride

Boron trifluoride is a trigonal planar molecule of boron and three fluorines.

CCl₄

Carbon tetrachloride

Carbon tetrachloride is a tetrahedral molecule of carbon and four chlorines.

SO₃

Sulfur trioxide

Sulfur trioxide is an oxide of sulfur and three oxygen atoms.

SiCl₄

Silicon tetrachloride

Silicon tetrachloride is a tetrahedral liquid of silicon and four chlorines.

P₂S₅

Diphosphorus pentasulfide

Workbooks write the formula as P₂S₅.

BCl₃

Boron trichloride

Boron trichloride is a trigonal planar molecule of boron and three chlorines.

PBr₃

Phosphorus tribromide

Phosphorus tribromide is a pyramidal molecule of phosphorus and three bromines.

CBr₄

Carbon tetrabromide

Carbon tetrabromide is a tetrahedral molecule of carbon and four bromines.

NF₃

Nitrogen trifluoride

Nitrogen trifluoride is a pyramidal molecule of nitrogen and three fluorines.

OF₂

Oxygen difluoride

Oxygen difluoride is a bent molecule of oxygen and two fluorine atoms.

NCl₃

Nitrogen trichloride

Nitrogen trichloride is a pyramidal molecule of nitrogen and three chlorines.

H₂S

Hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide is a bent molecule of sulfur and two hydrogens.

PH₃

Phosphine

Phosphine is a pyramidal molecule of phosphorus and three hydrogens.

BeCl₂

Beryllium chloride

Beryllium chloride is a covalent compound of beryllium and two chlorines.

HCN

Hydrogen cyanide

Hydrogen cyanide is a linear molecule of hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen.

ClF₃

Chlorine trifluoride

Chlorine trifluoride is a T-shaped molecule of chlorine and three fluorines.

XeF₂

Xenon difluoride

Xenon difluoride is a linear molecule of xenon and two fluorines.